EUROPE IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL TIMES

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Medieval Europe

• The Dynamic Middle Ages
• Books for Women in the 15th and 16th Century
• Braveheart
• Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople by Geoffrey of Villehardouin
• Crusades in the Middle East: the Impact of the Holy Land Crusades on Europe
• Helge Hjorvardsson
• Holy Roman Emperors
• Kingdom of Heaven
• Knights Templars Grand Masters
• Literacy and Education of the Later Medieval Italian Laity
• Stronghold
• Stronghold Crusader
• The Black Plague
• The Cathars
• The Cronica by Ramon Muntaner
• The Holy Grail: Sacred Cup or Female Prophet?
• The Rise and Fall of Parchment
• The Secular Knights on Holy Land in 1181
• The Teutonic Order
• The Use of Sagas as Histiographical Sources
• Medieval Forum Highlights

Medieval Europe: Political History

• 'The Charter of Liberties' of Henry I of England
• A Concise History of Eidgenossenschaft
• Assassins
• Finland: the Viking Ages
• Identity and Self-Image in Viking Age England
• Knights Hospitallers
• Knights Templars
• Medieval Tallinn
• Norway - The First Kingdom
• Pope, Emperor and the Investiture Contest
• The Avar Khaganate
• The Basque People of the Middle Ages
• The Effects of the Hussites
• The Importance of King Alfred to English Literature
• The Order of St Lazarus in the Latin East
• The Patriarchical and the Absolute Caliphates - Comparison of Uthman and al-Mutawakkil
• The Pre-Modern European Economic Model, 1000-1800
• The Principality of Galicia-Volhonia (or Volhynia)
• The Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal
• The Republic of Novgorod
• Venice
• Weakness of the Crusader States
• The Zaphorozian Cossacks

Medieval Europe: Military History

• Cannons
• Hussite Wars
• Scottish Loss at Stirling Bridge: A Historical Counterfactual
• The Battle of Agincourt
• The Battle of Finnsburgh
• The Battle of Grünwald
• The Battle of Hims
• The Battle of Kulikovo
• The Battle of Liegnitz (Legnica), 1241
• The Battle of Neva
• The Battle of the Standard
• The Battle of Tours
• The Battle on The Ice
• The Battles at Otepää and Vastseliina
• The Campaigns of Duke Svjatoslav
• The First Scottish War of Independence
• The Fourth Crusade
• The Mongol Invasion of Europe
• The Siege of Antioch
• Tyrfing

Medieval Europe: Historical Figures

• Amled
• Edmund I the Magnificent of England
• Enrico Dandolo, the Ruthless Crusader
• Gjergj Kastrioti
• Henry I Beauclerc of England
• Jan Hus
• Jan Hus - Overview
• John Wycliffe
• Macbeth, the Last Highland King
• The First Dukes of Muscowy and Ivan Kalita

Hungarian History

• Barons
• Early Career of Janos Hunyadi
• The Battle of Brenta
• The Battle of Capua and the First Italian Campaign of Louis the Great
• The Battle of Dürnkrut
• The Battle of Lechfeld
• The Battle of Mohi
• The Battle of Nicopolis
• The Battle of Rozhanovce
• The Battle of Varna
• The Battle of Zemun
• Winter Campaign

Byzantium

• Basileus: A Concise History (Part I)
• Constantine V
• Constantinople - Capital Of The Byzantine Empire
• Eastern Roman Emperors
• Sassanids vs Byzantines
• The Byzantine Empire II 1204 - 1268: The Nicean Empire
• The Byzantine Empire Part I 330-1204
• The Byzantine Loss at Manzikert
• Trapezuntine Emperors

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Sacred-Texts.com Links: Icelandic Sagas, Historical Accounts and Mythology

The Eddas are the primary texts for the study of Northern mythology.

 The Poetic Edda
Henry Adams Bellows, tr. [1936].
The Poetic Edda, also known as the Elder Edda. A complete version of this key text, scanned at sacred-texts. Highly readable with extensive, useful notes. 
 The Prose Edda
of Snorri Sturlson; Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur, tr. [1916].
The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda. 
 Old Norse Poems
by Lee M. Hollander [1936] 
The SagasThe Sagas are historical legends, but often have supernatural or mythological elements. Besides being sophisticated and very enjoyable narrative literature, they also contain illuminating details of life in old Iceland.

 The Story of the Volsungs
with extracts from the Poetic Edda. by William Morris and Eirikr Magnusson[1888]. 
 The Story of Grettir the Strong
translated by Eirikr Magnusson and William Morris [1869]. 
 The Story of Egil Skallagrimsson (Egil's Saga)
Translated from the Icelandic by W.C. Green [1893]
Contributed by the Northvegr.org 
 The Story of Burnt Njal
Translated by George Webbe Dasent [1861] 
 The Laxdaela Saga
Translated by Muriel Press [1899] 
 The Story of Gisli the Outlaw
by George Webbe Dasent [1866] 
 The Life and Death of Cormac the Skalda
Translated by W.G. Collingwood and J. Stefansson [1901]
110,951 bytes 
 The Story of Viga-Glum
Translated by Sir Edmund Head [1866]
Contributed by the Northvegr.org 
 The Norse Discovery of America
by Arthur Middleton Reeves, North Ludlow Beamish, and Rasmus B. Anderson[1906]
All of the Sagas and documents relating to the Norse voyages to 'Vinland'. 
 Icelandic Sagas, Vol. 3: The Orkneyingers Saga
by George W. Dasent [1894]
Contributed by the Northvegr.org 
Modern Retellings The Children of Odin
by Padraic Colum, Illustrations by Willy Pogany [1920].
A retelling of the Eddas and the Volsung Saga for young adults. 
 Teutonic Myth and Legend
by Donald Mackenzie [1912]
The Eddas, Volsung Saga and other Northern Lore.

Icelandic Text LinksFor more Icelandic texts and other Northern lore, we recommendNorthvegr.org. [External site].

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NORSE, GERMANIC AND INDO-EUROPEAN LINKS

• Classical Mythology Directory: Syllabus for a course in classical mythology, from Robin Mitchell-Boyas, Temple University.
• Grimm's Teutonic Mythology
• Jordane's Origins and Deeds of the Goths
• Jörmungrund: Old Icelandic texts, primarily Eddaic and Skaldic poetry, with English translations, concordances, and commentaries.
• Mythology's Mything Links: Pan Slavic Traditions & Beliefs: Focusing on the polarities and depth of Slavic mythology. Provides artwork and descriptive links.
• Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race: By Thomas Rolleston (1911), e-text from the Internet Sacred Text Archive.
• Overview article by Lars Noodén, discussing the tie between animals in Celtic and Welsh mythology with fertility and vitality.
• Saxo's History of the Danes
• Tacitus' Germania in English and Latin
• Teutonic Myth and Legend by Donald A. Mackenzie. An Introduction to the Eddas and Sagas, Beowulf, The Nibelungenlied and other mythology.
• Teutonic Mythology: By Victor Rydberg. Full e-text version as translated by Rasmus B. Anderson.
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A History of England until 1066
• The History of the Langobards
• The History of the Swastika
• The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians
• The Life of Charlemagne
• The Life of King Alfred
• The Roman and the Teuton: A Series of University Lectures
• The Visigothic Code: Forum Iudicum: The Law Code of the Visigoths of Spain. In translation with a helpful preface.
• The Works of Gildas

Viking and Scandinavian Links

• An article with bibliography by Daniel Bray at Sydney University on the proliferation of small metal amulets representing Mjollnir, the magical hammer of the god Thor, in the archaeological record of tenth century Scandinavia.
• Nottingham University team looking for evidence for Viking descendants in this part of Britain
• PBS: Lost Vikings of Greenland, Presents the mystery and theory, the settlers, and the homestead. Includes video and images.
• The Nibelungs Saga - Its True Core by the Svava: Site by Rolf Badenhausen arguing that the Old Nordic Theoderic Codices provide evidence of the historical Nibelungs.
• The Rise and Fall of the Vikings and the Little Ice Age
• The Vikings Came to North America
• The Vikings transformed culture and society in 9th-11th century East Anglia, writes Andrew Rogerson in British Archaeology.
• The Vikings: Explore a Viking village, find out who the Vikings were, delve into the secrets of a Norse ship, or write your name in the runes. From NOVA Online.
• Viking Archeology an exhibit from the Smithsonian about the Vikings in the New World covers the discoveries at L'Anse aux Meadows. Includes videos of reconstructions.
• Viking Bronze - Discussion of Viking Bronze Artifacts