Battles of the Roman Republic and Empire
3rd century BC
- 298 BC - Battle of Camerinum - Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the first battle of the Third Samnite War.
- 297 BC - Battle of Tifernum - Romans under Quintus Fabius Maximus and Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus defeat the Samnite army led by Gellius Statius
- 295 BC - Battle of Sentinum - Romans under Fabius Rullianus and Publius Decimus Mus defeat the Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies, forcing the Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians to make peace
- 293 BC - Battle of Aquilonia - Romans decisively defeat the Samnites.
- 285 BC - Battle of Arretium - A Roman army under Lucius Caecilius is destroyed by the Gauls
- 283 BC - Battle of Lake Vadimo - A Roman army under P. Cornelius Dolabella defeats the Etruscans and Gauls.
- 282 BC - Battle of Populonia - Etruscan resistance to Roman domination of Italy is finally crushed.
- 280 BC - Battle of Heraclea - First engagement of Roman and Greek armies, the latter led by Pyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost.
- 279 BC - Battle of Asculum - Pyrrhus again defeats the Romans but once again suffers significant casaulties in the process.
- 275 BC - Battle of Beneventum - Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius.
- 261 BC - Battle of Agrigentum - Carthaginian forces under Hannibal Gisco and Hanno are defeated by the Romans, that attain control of most of Sicily.
- 260 BC –
- Battle of the Lipari Islands - A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians
- Battle of Mylae - A Roman naval force under C. Duillius defeats the Carthaginian fleet, giving Rome control of the western Mediterranean.
- 258 BC - Battle of Sulci - Minor Roman victory against the Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia.
- 257 BC - Battle of Tyndaris - Naval victory of Rome over Carthage in Sicilian waters.
- 256 BC -
- Battle of Cape Ecnomus - A Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated in an attempt to stop a Roman invasion of Africa by Marcus Atilius Regulus.
- Battle of Adys - Romans under Regulus defeat the Carthaginians in North Africa
- 255 BC - Battle of Tunis - Carthaginians under Xanthippus, a Greek mercenary, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is captured.
- 251 BC - Battle of Panormus - Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal are defeated by the Romans under L. Caecilius Metellus.
- 249 BC - Battle of Drepana - Carthaginians under Adherbal defeat the fleet of Roman admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher.
- 242 BC - Battle of the Aegates Islands - Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians, ending the First Punic War
- 225 BC - Battle of Faesulae - Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
- 224 BC - Battle of Telamon - Romans under Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus defeat the Gauls.
- 222 BC - Battle of Clastidium - Romans under Marcus Claudius Marcellus defeat the Gauls.
- 218 BC -
- Summer - Battle of Lilybaeum - First naval clash between the navies of Carthage and Rome during the Second Punic War.
- Fall - Battle of Cissa - Romans defeat Carthaginians near Tarraco and gain control of the territory north of the Ebro River.
- November - Battle of the Ticinus - Hannibal defeats the Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio the elder in a small cavalry fight.
- December 18 - Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal defeats the Romans under Tiberius Sempronius Longus with an ambush.
- 217 BC
- Spring - Battle of Ebro River - In a surprise attack, Romans defeat and capture the Carthaginian fleet in Hispania.
- June 24 - Battle of Lake Trasimene - In an ambush, Hannibal destroyed the Roman army of Gaius Flaminius, who is killed.
- Summer - Battle of Ager Falernus - Avoiding destruction with deceit, Hannibal escapes Fabius' trap in this small skirmish.
- 216 BC -
- August 2 - Battle of Cannae - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Lucius Aemilius Paulus and Publius Terentius Varro in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of the tactical art.
- First Battle of Nola - Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus holds off an attack by Hannibal.
- 215 BC - Second Battle of Nola - Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal.
- 214 BC - Third Battle of Nola - Marcellus fights an inconclusive battle with Hannibal.
- 212 BC -
- First Battle of Capua - Hannibal defeats the consuls Q. Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius, but the Roman army escapes
- Battle of the Silarus - Hannibal destroys the army of the Roman praetor M. Centenius Penula.
- Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
- 211 BC -
- Battle of the Upper Baetis - Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio are killed in battle with the Carthaginians under Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca
- Second Battle of Capua - Hannibal is not able to break the Roman siege of the city.
- 210 BC -
- Second Battle of Herdonia - Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Fulvius Centumalus, who is killed
- Battle of Numistro - Hannibal defeats Marcellus once more
- 209 BC -
- Battle of Asculum - Hannibal once again defeats Marcellus, in an indecisive battle
- First Battle of Lamia - Romans defeated by Philip V of Macedon
- Second Battle of Lamia - Romans defeated by Philip V once more
- 208 BC - Battle of Baecula - Romans in Hispania (Iberia) under P. Cornelius Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca
- 207 BC -
- Battle of Grumentum - Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal, then escapes north to confront Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca, who has invaded Italy
- Battle of the Metaurus - Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
- Battle of Carmona - Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege the city of Carmona and take it from Hasdrubal Gisco
- 206 BC - Battle of Ilipa - Scipio again decisively defeats the remaining Carthaginian forces in Hispania.
- 204 BC - Battle of Crotona - Hannibal fights a drawn battle against the Roman general Sempronius in Southern Italy.
- 203 BC - Battle of Bagbrades - Romans under Scipio defeat the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax. Hannibal is sent to return to Africa.
- 202 BC October 19 - Battle of Zama - Scipio Africanus Major decisively defeats Hannibal in North Africa, ending the Second Punic War
- 200 BC - Battle of Cremona - Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul
2nd century BC
- 198 BC - Battle of the Aous - Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians under Philip V
- 197 BC - Battle of Cynoscephalae - Romans under Flamininus decisively defeats Philip in Thessaly
- 194 BC -
- Battle of Mutina - Roman victory over the Gauls
- Battle of Gythium - With some Roman assistance, Philopoemen of the Achaean League defeats the Spartans under Nabis
- 191 BC - Battle of Thermopylae - Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio defeat Antiochus III the Great and force him to evacuate Greece
- 190 BC -
- Battle of the Eurymedon - Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded by Hannibal, fighting his last battle.
- Battle of Myonessus - Another Seleucid fleet is defeated by the Romans
- December, Battle of Magnesia - (near Smyrna) Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Scipio Africanus Major defeat Antiochus III the Great in the decisive victory of the war.
- 189 BC -
- Battle of Mount Olympus - Romans under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso allied with Attalus II of Pergamum deliver a crushing defeat to an army of Galatian Gauls
- Battle of Ancyra - Gnaeus Manlius Vulso and Attalus II defeat the Galatian Gauls again before Ancyra, in what was an almost identical repeat of the Battle of Mount Olympus.
- 181 BC - Battle of Manlian Pass - Romans under Fulvius Flaccus defeat an army of Celtiberians.
- 171 BC - Battle of Callicinus - Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus.
- 168 BC June 22 - Battle of Pydna - Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus, ending the Third Macedonian War
- 148 BC - Second battle of Pydna - The forces of the Macedonian pretender Andriscus are defeated by the Romans under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus in the decisive engagement of the Fourth Macedonian War
- 146 BC -
- Battle of Carthage ends: Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage, ending the Third Punic War
- Battle of Corinth - Romans under Lucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League forces of Critolaus, who is killed. Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes under direct Roman rule.
- 109 BC - Battle of the Rhone River - Roman force under Marcus Junius Silanus are defeated by the Helvetii
- 108 BC - Battle of the Muthul - Roman forces under Caecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia
- 107 BC - Battle near Burdigala - Roman forces under Lucius Cassius Longinus are defeated by the Helvetii
- 105 BC October 6 - Battle of Arausio - Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
- 102 BC - Battle of Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence)- Romans under Gaius Marius defeat Teutons, with mass suicides among the captured women
- 101 BC - Battle of Vercellae - Romans under Gaius Marius defeat the Cimbri, who are entirely annihilated.
3rd century
- 217 - Battle of Nisibis (217) - Bloody stalemate between the Parthians and the Roman army under Emperor Macrinus.
- 218 June 18 - Battle of Antioch - Varius Avitus defeats Emperor Macrinus to claim the throne under the name Elagabalus.
- 238 - Battle of Carthage (238) - Troops loyal to the Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax defeat and kill his successor Gordian II.
- 243 - Battle of Resaena - Roman forces under Gordian III defeat the Persians under Shapur I.
- 250 - Battle of Philippopolis - King Cuiva of the Goths defeats a Roman army.
- 251 July 1 - Battle of Abrittus - Goths defeat and kill the Roman Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus
- 259 - Battle of Mediolanum -Emperor Gallienus decisively defeats the Alamanni that invaded Italy
- 260 - Battle of Edessa - King Shapur I of Persia defeats and captures the Roman Emperor Valerian
- 268 - Battle of Naissus - Emperor Gallienus and his generals Claudius and Aurelian decisively defeat the Goths.
- 268 - Battle of Lake Benacus - Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alamanni
- 271 -
- Battle of Placentia - Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alamanni forces invading Italy
- Battle of Fano - Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy
- Battle of Pavia (271) - Aurelian destroys the retreating Alamanni army.
- 272 -
- Battle of Immae - Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra
- Battle of Emesa - Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia.
- 274 - Battle of Chalons (274) - Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire.
- 285 - Battle of the Margus - The usurper Diocletian defeats the army of the Emperor Carinus, who is killed.
- 296 - Battle of Callinicum - Romans under the Caesar Galerius are defeated by the Persians under Narseh.
- 298 -
- Battle of Lingones - Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni
- Battle of Vindonissa - Constantius again defeats the Alamanni
4th century
- 312 -
- Battle of Turin - Constantine I defeats forces loyal to Maxentius.
- Battle of Verona - Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius.
- October 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge - Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy.
- 313, 30 April - Battle of Tzirallum - In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of Licinius defeat Maximinus.
- 314 - 8 October - Battle of Cibalae - Constantine defeats Licinius
- 316 - Battle of Mardia - Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricum to Constantine.
- 324 -
- July 3 - Battle of Adrianople - Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium
- July - Battle of the Hellespont - Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius
- September 18 - Battle of Chrysopolis - Constantine decisively defeats Licinius, establishing his sole control over the empire.
- 344 - Battle of Singara - Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia (approximate date)
- 351 - Battle of Mursa Major - Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius
- 353 - Battle of Mons Seleucus - Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II
- 356 - Battle of Reims - Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alamanni
- 357 - Battle of Strasbourg - Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
- 359 - Battle of Amida - Persians capture Amida from Romans
- 363 - Battle of Ctesiphon - Emperor Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city, and his death leads to an ultimate disaster on the retreat back to Roman territory.
- 366 - Battle of Thyatira - The army of the Roman emperor Valens defeats the usurper Procopius.
- 367 - Battle of Solicinium - Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.
- 377 - Battle of the Willows - Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths
- 378 -
- Battle of Argentovaria - Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again.
- August 9 - Battle of Adrianople - Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens
- 380 - Battle of Thessalonica - The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern.
- 388 - Battle of the Save - Emperor Theodosius I defeats the usurper Magnus Maximus.
- 394 September 6 - Battle of the Frigidus - Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast.
- 402 April 6 - Battle of Pollentia - Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric.
- 402 June - Battle of Verona - Stilicho again defeats Alaric, who withdraws from Italy.
- 406 December 31 - Battle of Mainz - between the Franks "foederati" and an alliance of Vandals, Suevi and Alans.
- 410 August 24 - Sack of Rome - Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome.
- 432 - Battle of Ravenna - Bonifacius defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aëtius, but is mortally wounded in the process.
- 436 - Battle of Narbonne - Flavius Aëtius again defeats the Visigoths under Theodoric I.
- 447 - Battle of the Utus - The East Romans narrowly repulse the attack of Attila the Hun in an indecisive battle.
- 451 June - Battle of Chalons - The Romans under General Flavius Aëtius, and Visigoths under King Theodoric I, repulse the attack of Attila the Hun. Theodoric is killed in the battle.
- 455 - Sack of Rome by Geiseric, King of the Vandals
- 486 - Battle of Soissons - Clovis I defeats Syagrius, last Roman commander in Gaul, and annexes the Roman rump state into the Frankish realm.
- 493 - Battle of Mons Badonicus - Romano-British under Ambrosius Aurelianus decisively defeat the Anglo-Saxon invaders.
6th Century
- 526 to 532 - Iberian War - Sassanid Persian Empire defeats the Byzantine Roman Empire
- 530 - Battle of Dara - Justinian I's commander Belisarius defeats the Persians
- 530 - Battle of Nisibis - Persian king Kavadh I defeats Belisarius
- 531 - Battle of Callinicum - Persian spahbod Azarethes defeats Belisarius
- 533 -
- 13 September Battle of Ad Decimum (or "Battle of Carthage (533)") Belisarius defeats Vandals near Carthage
- 15 December Battle of Tricamarum Belisarius defeats again the Vandals near Carthage.
- 546 - Sack of Rome by Totila, King of the Ostrogoths
- 552 - Battle of Taginae - Narses replaces Belisarius and defeats Ostrogoths under Totila
- 553 - Battle of Mons Lactarius Narses defeats the Ostrogoths under Teia
- 554, October - Battle of the Volturnus - Narses defeats the Franks
- 586 - Battle of Solachon - Byzantine Empire defeats the Sassanid Empire
| roman-empire.1.2.pdf |
Greek
HOMER
Works of Homer:
The Iliad of Homer, Samuel Butler translator [1898]
The Odyssey of Homer, Samuel Butler translator [1900]
The Homeric Hymn to Demeter
The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer in Greek
The Authoress of the Odyssey, by Samuel Butler [1922]
Men are from the Iliad, Women are from the Odyssey...
HESIOD
Works of Hesiod:
Hesiod's Theogony
Works and Days
ORPHEUS
The Hymns of Orpheus
by Thomas Taylor [1792]
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers
by Kathleen Freeman [1948]
The framentary textual remains of the oldest ancient Greek philosophers.
SAPPHO
Works of Sappho:
The Poems of Sappho
English and Transliterated Greek
translated by Edwin Marion Cox [1925]
The Poems of Sappho (Unicode)
English and Greek translated by Edwin Marion Cox [1925]
The Songs of Bilitis
by Pierre Louÿs, tr. by Alvah C. Bessie [1926]
A famous hoax, which has had a huge impact on our modern perception of Sappho.
Aphrodite (Ancient Manners)
by Pierre Louÿs, tr. by Willis L. Parker, ill. by Frank J. Buttera [1932]
Tragic loves of a courtesan in Ptolemaic Egypt, from the author of Bilitis.
HERODOTUS
The History of Herodotus
parallel English/Greek
English tr. by G. C. Macaulay [1890]
The epochal conflict between the Greeks and Persians, by 'the Father of History.'
AESOP
The Fables of Aesop
by Aesop, tr. by George Fyler Townsend, [1887]
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS
The Argonautica
parallel English/Greek.
English tr. by R.C. Seaton [1912]
The primary text for the story of Jason, the Argonauts, and the quest for the Golden Fleece.
AESCHYLUS
The Dramas of Aeschylus
ARISTOTLE
The Works of Aristotle
SOPHOCLES
The Dramas of Sophocles
EURIPIDES
The Dramas of Euripides
PLATO
The Dialogues of Plato
ARCHIMEDES
The Sand Reckoner
PYTHAGORAS
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras
by Florence M. Firth [1902]
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras
by Fabre d'Olivet [1917]
The full Greek text with English and French translations; featuring extended essays by a prominent 18th century French estoteric writer.
Pythagoras and the Delphic Mysteries
by Edouard Schuré [1906]
The philosopher, his times and thought, and the modern esoteric interpretation of his legacy.
APOLLONIUS OF TYANA
Apollonius index:
Apollonius of Tyana
by George Robert Stowe Mead [1901]
Mead's review of the literature around Apollonius
The Life of Apollonius of Tyana
by Philostrates, tr. F.C. Conybeare [1912]
Philostrates' Life of Apollonius is our primary contemporary account.
PLUTARCH
Works of Plutarch:
Plutarch's Morals: Theosophical Essays
tr. by Charles William King [1908]
Six essays by Plutarch, rich with details of ancient mythology and natural philosophy.
The Roman and Greek Questions
of Plutarch, tr. by Frank Cole Babbitt [1938]
A treasure trove of classical pagan lore.
EPICTETUS
The Discourses of Epictetus
by Arrian, tr. by P.E. Matheson, [1916]
The Discourses, Fragments, and Enchiridion, of the Stoic Greek philosopher Epictetus.
LUCIAN OF SAMOSATA
Works of Lucian:
A True Story
parallel English/Greek
English translation by A.M. Harmon [1913]
The original space odyssey...
The Syrian Goddess
translated by Herbert A. Strong [1913]
Lucian's hair-raising description of ancient Goddess worship.
PROCLUS
Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus
By Proclus, tr. by Thomas Taylor, [1825]
Some writings of the last classical era neo-Platonist philosopher.
RomanVIRGIL
Works of Virgil
The Aeneid
tr. by John Dryden [1697]
English and Latin.
The Eclogues J.W. MacKail tr. [1934]
English and Latin
The Georgics J.W. MacKail tr. [1934]
English and Latin
APULEIUS
The Golden Asse
By Apuleius, tr. by William Adlington [1566]
The Most Pleasant and Delectable Tale of The Marriage of Cupid and Psyche
By Apuleius, tr. by William Adlington, Illustrations by Dorothy Mullock [1914]
PLOTINUS
The Enneads of Plotinus
by Plotinus, tr. by Stephen MacKenna and B. S. Page [1917-1930]
JULIUS CAESAR
Works of Julius Caesar
by Julius Caesar, tr. by W.A. McDevitte and W.S. Bohn [1869]
parallel English/Latin
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Meditations
of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, tr. by George Long
LUCRETIUS
On The Nature Of Things
by Titus Lucretius Carus, tr. by William Ellery Leonard
OVID
Metamorphoses English and Latin
Amores, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris and Medicamina Faciei FemineaeEnglish and Latin
PETRONIUS
The Satyricon of Petronius
by Gaius Petronius, tr. Alfred R. Allinson [1930]
A satirical, bawdy and hallucinatory trip through the underbelly of Neros' Rome.
(English/Latin)
PRIAPEIA
The Priapeia
Translated by L.C. Smithers and Sir Richard Burton [1890]
English and Latin
TACITUS
The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb [1864-1877]
The preeminent Latin historian of the first century CE. parallel English and Latin text.
EMPEROR JULIAN
Two Orations of the Emperor Julian
tr. by Thomas Taylor [1793]
PROCOPIUS
Works of Procopius
Other Roman resources The Royal Museum at Naples
Being Some Account of The Erotic Paintings, Bronzes, and Statues Contained in that Famous "Cabinet Secret", by Stanislas Marie César Famin [1871]
Sixty lithographs of erotic Roman art and artifacts.
Latin Resources at wordgumbo.com [External Site]
General Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
by Edward Gibbon [1776-88]
The majestic history of the downfall of Rome, unabridged.
Bulfinch's Mythology
by Thomas Bulfinch [1855]
Bulfinch's able retelling of the classic myths has served as an introduction to the subject for generation of readers.
The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries
Thomas Taylor [1891].
What secrets lay at the heart of the ancient initiation rituals at Eleusis?
The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for my Children
by Charles Kingsley [1901]
A retelling of the myths of Perseus, Jason and the Argonauts, and Theseus for young adults, with lavish art-deco illustrations.
The Sibylline Oracles
Tr. by Milton S. Terry [1899].
The (pseudo)-Sibylline Oracles are ancient books of prophecy.
Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe
by Donald A. Mackenzie [1917]
A survey of what is known about the civilization of ancient Crete.
The Dionysian Artificers
by Hippolyto Joseph da Costa [1820].
Ancient Fragments
by I. P. Cory [1832]
Lives of the Greek Heroines
by Louisa Menzies [1880]
The Mysteries of Mithra
by Franz Cumont [1903]
The religion that might have taken the place of Christianity.
The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism
by Franz Cumont [1911]
Roman paganism later incorporated a diverse set of beliefs including ecstatic near-eastern religions, a wide range of goddess cults, dualism from Persia, and astrology.
Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans
by Franz Cumont [1912]
Pagan Regeneration
A Study of Mystery Initiations in the Graeco-Roman World by Harold R. Willoughby [1929]
Thanks to Eliza at sacredspiral.com!
Taboo, Magic, Spirits
A Study of Primitive Elements in Roman Religion by Eli Edward Burriss[1931]
Thanks to Eliza at sacredspiral.com!
The Religion of Numa
And Other Essays on the Religion of Ancient Rome by Jesse Benedict Carter[1906]
An excellent history of the evolution of Roman religious ideas.
The Amazons
by Guy Cadogan Rothery. [1910]
Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons
by Florence Mary Bennett. [1912]
Ioläus, An Anthology of Friendship
by Edward Carpenter [1917] An anthology of literary quotes about (primarily) male friendship, from David and Jonathan to Walt Whitman, particularly those verging on romantic love.
Whether any of these relationships were actually erotic in nature is left up to the reader's imagination.
Pagan and Christian Creeds
by Edward Carpenter [1922]
Carpenter explores the similaries between Christianity and ancient mystery religions, as well as the similiarities between the narrative of Christ and other solar heros.
A Problem in Greek Ethics
By John Addington Symonds [1901]
A study of Greek homosexuality, centering on the institutionalized (and idealized) love of adolescent males by older men.
Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk
by Edward Carpenter [1914]
Carpenter reviews the data on homosexuality in the ancient world, relating it to anthopological reports about shamans and berdaches (transgender people) in tribal societies, as well as to male same-sex relationships in feudal Japan.
Ancient Art and Ritual
by Jane Harrison [1913]
Myths of Greece and Rome
by Jane Harrison [1928]
Jane Harrison's primer of Classical Mythology.
The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology
by Martin P. Nilsson [1932]
Greek Popular Religion
by Martin P. Nilsson [1940]
The First Two Chapters of
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
by Jane Harrison, 3rd. ed. [1922]
An in-progress posting of the first two chapters of Jane Harrison's masterwork.
HOMER
Works of Homer:
The Iliad of Homer, Samuel Butler translator [1898]
The Odyssey of Homer, Samuel Butler translator [1900]
The Homeric Hymn to Demeter
The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer in Greek
The Authoress of the Odyssey, by Samuel Butler [1922]
Men are from the Iliad, Women are from the Odyssey...
HESIOD
Works of Hesiod:
Hesiod's Theogony
Works and Days
ORPHEUS
The Hymns of Orpheus
by Thomas Taylor [1792]
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
Ancilla to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers
by Kathleen Freeman [1948]
The framentary textual remains of the oldest ancient Greek philosophers.
SAPPHO
Works of Sappho:
The Poems of Sappho
English and Transliterated Greek
translated by Edwin Marion Cox [1925]
The Poems of Sappho (Unicode)
English and Greek translated by Edwin Marion Cox [1925]
The Songs of Bilitis
by Pierre Louÿs, tr. by Alvah C. Bessie [1926]
A famous hoax, which has had a huge impact on our modern perception of Sappho.
Aphrodite (Ancient Manners)
by Pierre Louÿs, tr. by Willis L. Parker, ill. by Frank J. Buttera [1932]
Tragic loves of a courtesan in Ptolemaic Egypt, from the author of Bilitis.
HERODOTUS
The History of Herodotus
parallel English/Greek
English tr. by G. C. Macaulay [1890]
The epochal conflict between the Greeks and Persians, by 'the Father of History.'
AESOP
The Fables of Aesop
by Aesop, tr. by George Fyler Townsend, [1887]
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS
The Argonautica
parallel English/Greek.
English tr. by R.C. Seaton [1912]
The primary text for the story of Jason, the Argonauts, and the quest for the Golden Fleece.
AESCHYLUS
The Dramas of Aeschylus
ARISTOTLE
The Works of Aristotle
SOPHOCLES
The Dramas of Sophocles
EURIPIDES
The Dramas of Euripides
PLATO
The Dialogues of Plato
ARCHIMEDES
The Sand Reckoner
PYTHAGORAS
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras
by Florence M. Firth [1902]
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras
by Fabre d'Olivet [1917]
The full Greek text with English and French translations; featuring extended essays by a prominent 18th century French estoteric writer.
Pythagoras and the Delphic Mysteries
by Edouard Schuré [1906]
The philosopher, his times and thought, and the modern esoteric interpretation of his legacy.
APOLLONIUS OF TYANA
Apollonius index:
Apollonius of Tyana
by George Robert Stowe Mead [1901]
Mead's review of the literature around Apollonius
The Life of Apollonius of Tyana
by Philostrates, tr. F.C. Conybeare [1912]
Philostrates' Life of Apollonius is our primary contemporary account.
PLUTARCH
Works of Plutarch:
Plutarch's Morals: Theosophical Essays
tr. by Charles William King [1908]
Six essays by Plutarch, rich with details of ancient mythology and natural philosophy.
The Roman and Greek Questions
of Plutarch, tr. by Frank Cole Babbitt [1938]
A treasure trove of classical pagan lore.
EPICTETUS
The Discourses of Epictetus
by Arrian, tr. by P.E. Matheson, [1916]
The Discourses, Fragments, and Enchiridion, of the Stoic Greek philosopher Epictetus.
LUCIAN OF SAMOSATA
Works of Lucian:
A True Story
parallel English/Greek
English translation by A.M. Harmon [1913]
The original space odyssey...
The Syrian Goddess
translated by Herbert A. Strong [1913]
Lucian's hair-raising description of ancient Goddess worship.
PROCLUS
Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus
By Proclus, tr. by Thomas Taylor, [1825]
Some writings of the last classical era neo-Platonist philosopher.
RomanVIRGIL
Works of Virgil
The Aeneid
tr. by John Dryden [1697]
English and Latin.
The Eclogues J.W. MacKail tr. [1934]
English and Latin
The Georgics J.W. MacKail tr. [1934]
English and Latin
APULEIUS
The Golden Asse
By Apuleius, tr. by William Adlington [1566]
The Most Pleasant and Delectable Tale of The Marriage of Cupid and Psyche
By Apuleius, tr. by William Adlington, Illustrations by Dorothy Mullock [1914]
PLOTINUS
The Enneads of Plotinus
by Plotinus, tr. by Stephen MacKenna and B. S. Page [1917-1930]
JULIUS CAESAR
Works of Julius Caesar
by Julius Caesar, tr. by W.A. McDevitte and W.S. Bohn [1869]
parallel English/Latin
MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Meditations
of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, tr. by George Long
LUCRETIUS
On The Nature Of Things
by Titus Lucretius Carus, tr. by William Ellery Leonard
OVID
Metamorphoses English and Latin
Amores, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris and Medicamina Faciei FemineaeEnglish and Latin
PETRONIUS
The Satyricon of Petronius
by Gaius Petronius, tr. Alfred R. Allinson [1930]
A satirical, bawdy and hallucinatory trip through the underbelly of Neros' Rome.
(English/Latin)
PRIAPEIA
The Priapeia
Translated by L.C. Smithers and Sir Richard Burton [1890]
English and Latin
TACITUS
The Works of Tacitus
tr. by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb [1864-1877]
The preeminent Latin historian of the first century CE. parallel English and Latin text.
EMPEROR JULIAN
Two Orations of the Emperor Julian
tr. by Thomas Taylor [1793]
PROCOPIUS
Works of Procopius
Other Roman resources The Royal Museum at Naples
Being Some Account of The Erotic Paintings, Bronzes, and Statues Contained in that Famous "Cabinet Secret", by Stanislas Marie César Famin [1871]
Sixty lithographs of erotic Roman art and artifacts.
Latin Resources at wordgumbo.com [External Site]
General Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
by Edward Gibbon [1776-88]
The majestic history of the downfall of Rome, unabridged.
Bulfinch's Mythology
by Thomas Bulfinch [1855]
Bulfinch's able retelling of the classic myths has served as an introduction to the subject for generation of readers.
The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries
Thomas Taylor [1891].
What secrets lay at the heart of the ancient initiation rituals at Eleusis?
The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for my Children
by Charles Kingsley [1901]
A retelling of the myths of Perseus, Jason and the Argonauts, and Theseus for young adults, with lavish art-deco illustrations.
The Sibylline Oracles
Tr. by Milton S. Terry [1899].
The (pseudo)-Sibylline Oracles are ancient books of prophecy.
Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe
by Donald A. Mackenzie [1917]
A survey of what is known about the civilization of ancient Crete.
The Dionysian Artificers
by Hippolyto Joseph da Costa [1820].
Ancient Fragments
by I. P. Cory [1832]
Lives of the Greek Heroines
by Louisa Menzies [1880]
The Mysteries of Mithra
by Franz Cumont [1903]
The religion that might have taken the place of Christianity.
The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism
by Franz Cumont [1911]
Roman paganism later incorporated a diverse set of beliefs including ecstatic near-eastern religions, a wide range of goddess cults, dualism from Persia, and astrology.
Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans
by Franz Cumont [1912]
Pagan Regeneration
A Study of Mystery Initiations in the Graeco-Roman World by Harold R. Willoughby [1929]
Thanks to Eliza at sacredspiral.com!
Taboo, Magic, Spirits
A Study of Primitive Elements in Roman Religion by Eli Edward Burriss[1931]
Thanks to Eliza at sacredspiral.com!
The Religion of Numa
And Other Essays on the Religion of Ancient Rome by Jesse Benedict Carter[1906]
An excellent history of the evolution of Roman religious ideas.
The Amazons
by Guy Cadogan Rothery. [1910]
Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons
by Florence Mary Bennett. [1912]
Ioläus, An Anthology of Friendship
by Edward Carpenter [1917] An anthology of literary quotes about (primarily) male friendship, from David and Jonathan to Walt Whitman, particularly those verging on romantic love.
Whether any of these relationships were actually erotic in nature is left up to the reader's imagination.
Pagan and Christian Creeds
by Edward Carpenter [1922]
Carpenter explores the similaries between Christianity and ancient mystery religions, as well as the similiarities between the narrative of Christ and other solar heros.
A Problem in Greek Ethics
By John Addington Symonds [1901]
A study of Greek homosexuality, centering on the institutionalized (and idealized) love of adolescent males by older men.
Intermediate Types Among Primitive Folk
by Edward Carpenter [1914]
Carpenter reviews the data on homosexuality in the ancient world, relating it to anthopological reports about shamans and berdaches (transgender people) in tribal societies, as well as to male same-sex relationships in feudal Japan.
Ancient Art and Ritual
by Jane Harrison [1913]
Myths of Greece and Rome
by Jane Harrison [1928]
Jane Harrison's primer of Classical Mythology.
The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology
by Martin P. Nilsson [1932]
Greek Popular Religion
by Martin P. Nilsson [1940]
The First Two Chapters of
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
by Jane Harrison, 3rd. ed. [1922]
An in-progress posting of the first two chapters of Jane Harrison's masterwork.
ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies - http://www.romansociety.org
Publishes 'Journal of Roman Studies' and 'Britannia' and monographs (abstracts online). Activities, lectures, grants.
Lepcis Magna - The Roman Empire in Africa - http://www.alnpete.co.uk/lepcis/
Dr Hafed Walda reports on the latest excavations of this amazingly preserved Roman city on the North African coast, a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Potsherd - http://www.potsherd.uklinux.net/
Online atlas of Roman pottery in Britain and western Europe, listing the wares by class or source, from Paul Tyers, author of Roman Pottery in Britain.
A Gazetteer of the Roman World - http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/
This section of Bill Thayer's huge Lacus Curtius site provides many photographs of cities and monuments of the ancient Roman world, some with detailed commentary.
Ancient Vienne - http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/vienne/en/
The French Ministry of Culture provides a virtual visit to the Roman city: model, plans, photographs and description. Also a guide, bibliography and visitor information.
Roman Open Air Museum Hechingen-Stein - http://www.villa-rustica.de/
A reconstructed Roman Villa Rustica from the 1st to the 3rd century A.D. Description of the site, walking tour and panoramic views.
Britannia - http://www.castra.org.uk/Britannia.html
Well-organised gazetteer and bibliography of the Roman army in Britain, by Peter Green. Maps, photographs of selected sites. Typology, organisation of the Roman army, terminology.
Roman Ceramics - http://home.rhein-zeitung.de/~rzentral/anadecom/newhome.htm
An index of Banassac Samian ware by Allard Mees, with bibliographies and links on Samian, Roman brick, amphoras, Corinth ceramics, Megarian bowls and terracottas.
Roman Makeover - http://www.sallypointer.com/makeover.htm
Sally Pointer explores Roman makeup through experimental archaeology. Reconstructions of early cosmetics, perfumes and implements used to transform a modern woman into a Roman fashion victim.
